IGCSE Syllabus to Exams 2018
- The causes, events and results of the 1911 Revolution.
- China under the Warlords.
- The May the Fourth Movement.
- Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang.
- Mao Zedong and the emergence of the Chinese Communist Party.
- The Northern March and the Shanghai Massacres
Setting a Context: An overview of China's History
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Facing History and Ourselves; Background to China up to 1911.
Watch the clip and complete the questions in the doc. below. Consider what the different factors were that are discussed in causing the 1911 revolution. 
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Key Concepts and Other Important Terms
Mandate of Heaven: divine right to rule, the heaven is the natural order and balance in the universe and conveys a mandate to rule on a just ruler. Natural disasters and other signs of 'imbalance' were taken as signs the mandate of heaven have been removed. A political ideology used since ancient times to justify the Emperor of China.
Imperial System: the rule of an emperor or empress over an empire
Self strengthening: to learn from foreigners copying their technology and science and apply it to exploiting China's resources for economic benefit.
Boxer Rebellion: Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 'Boxers', attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians and spread to Bejing where foreigners retreated to the legations whose defences could not be breached. Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers but the international forces broke the seige and executed many Boxers.
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists: called boxers by foreigners as the exercises they practiced to ward off bullets and other forms of attack looked like shadow boxing. Were mostly peasants who had suffered from natural disasters such as famine and flooding and believed the concessions made to foreigners would make their life harder.
Legation: the headquarters of a foreign diplomatic minister and staff.
Nationalism: to take pride in your country. Nationalists sometimes believe their country to superior to others.
Republicanism: a system of government with an elected head of state.
Nationalisation: the takeover by the state of private businesses.
Machu: ethnic group that came from outside of China in Manchuria, to the north. Men wore pigtails as a symbol of the superiority of the Manchu and the Manchu emperors ruled China after the defeat of the Ming dynasty.
Han: ethnic Chinese, formed 90% of the population of China.
Imperial System: the rule of an emperor or empress over an empire
Self strengthening: to learn from foreigners copying their technology and science and apply it to exploiting China's resources for economic benefit.
Boxer Rebellion: Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 'Boxers', attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians and spread to Bejing where foreigners retreated to the legations whose defences could not be breached. Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers but the international forces broke the seige and executed many Boxers.
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists: called boxers by foreigners as the exercises they practiced to ward off bullets and other forms of attack looked like shadow boxing. Were mostly peasants who had suffered from natural disasters such as famine and flooding and believed the concessions made to foreigners would make their life harder.
Legation: the headquarters of a foreign diplomatic minister and staff.
Nationalism: to take pride in your country. Nationalists sometimes believe their country to superior to others.
Republicanism: a system of government with an elected head of state.
Nationalisation: the takeover by the state of private businesses.
Machu: ethnic group that came from outside of China in Manchuria, to the north. Men wore pigtails as a symbol of the superiority of the Manchu and the Manchu emperors ruled China after the defeat of the Ming dynasty.
Han: ethnic Chinese, formed 90% of the population of China.
1. The causes, events and results of the 1911 Revolution
Produce a flow chart showing the causes, events and results of the 1911 Revolution. Use the mind map document below and the other resources for information.
Focus on establishing links between events (using linking phrases – exam practice)
Focus on establishing links between events (using linking phrases – exam practice)
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| 2._detailed_background.docx |
2. China under the Warlords
Instructions:
Create a summary table to take notes under causes, what happened and effects of China under the warlords period.
Create a summary table to take notes under causes, what happened and effects of China under the warlords period.
Who Should Rule?
Task: Research individually then share in a group. China is in chaos, there has been a revolution but there is no clear leader: Who should rule the new China? Justify your decision.
http://www.history.com/news/who-was-yuan-shikai
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/pu-yi-last-emperor-china-pardoned
Task: Research individually then share in a group. China is in chaos, there has been a revolution but there is no clear leader: Who should rule the new China? Justify your decision.
- Sun Yat-Sen
- Yuan Shikai
- Pu-Yi
http://www.history.com/news/who-was-yuan-shikai
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/pu-yi-last-emperor-china-pardoned
| 3._1911_who_should_rule.doc |
| overview_sun_yatsen_yuan_shikai_puyi.pdf |
| chaing_kai_shek.pdf |
Historian Perspectives on Yuan Shikai
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Write a paragraph explaining why Yuan Shikai became leader of China in 1912 using the sources above.
Past exam question
Explain the key features of either the 1911 Revolution or China under the Warlords
3. The May the Fourth Movement.
Aim: To understand May The Fourth Movement.
Brief description: Uprising that started on 4 May 1919 when students from Bejing University protested in Tiananmen Square over the humiliating terms of the Treaty Of Versailles which granted Germany's possessions in the Shandong province to Japan. Movement spread to other cities where strikes and protests took place and China subsequently refused to sign the treaty.
Activity:
Using the flow chart in the word doc below and the reading below, summarise the steps leading to the May The Fourth Movement.
Using the flow chart in the word doc below and the reading below, summarise the steps leading to the May The Fourth Movement.
| may_the_4th_movement_summary_table.docx |
| china_under_the_warlords_may_4th_movement.pdf |
Define these key terms:
Self determination
Ideology
Treaty of Versailles
Chen Duxiu
Inquiry Question: How did the movement influence revolutionary groups?
Self determination
Ideology
Treaty of Versailles
Chen Duxiu
Inquiry Question: How did the movement influence revolutionary groups?
Exam Practice: Questions B (7 marks) Explain the key features of either May 4th Movement or the Shanghai Massacres.
ADVICE: You will need to use your knowledge to explain the key features of this event. Spend about 10 minutes answering this question.
Try to pick out two key features and link them for full marks.
Remember, a key features can be any part of that event – causes, events, effects/results etc…
Describe at least two key features and write a paragraph on each. Make sure you pick significant features of each event.
Make a link between the key features. How did one led to the other? This led to, as a result etc…
Conclude by stressing the links between the two features.
ADVICE: You will need to use your knowledge to explain the key features of this event. Spend about 10 minutes answering this question.
Try to pick out two key features and link them for full marks.
Remember, a key features can be any part of that event – causes, events, effects/results etc…
Describe at least two key features and write a paragraph on each. Make sure you pick significant features of each event.
Make a link between the key features. How did one led to the other? This led to, as a result etc…
Conclude by stressing the links between the two features.
4. Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang/ Guomingdang
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Following the revolution and emergence of the warlords China faced a series of internal and external threats. During this period of development the Kuomintang (KMT / GMD (Guomindang) emerged to under the leadership of Sun Yat-Sen and latterly Chiang Kaishek (Jiang Jeshi). Watch the video introduction first, then begin to build up a picture of the main events and players in the 1920s using the document below.
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| sun_yatsen_chiang_kai_shek_and_guomingdong.pdf |
Exam Question
Question C (15 marks): In what ways did support for the Kuomintang (KMT) decline in the years 1937-1949?
You may use the following to help you with your answer: The Long March 1934-35, The War with Japan 1937-45, The Civil War 1945-1949, USA withdrawing Support
Advice:
By Question C will require you to write an essay about change over a period of time. You MUST show change, either by comparing the situation before and after the development or by showing how it developed during the period. Remember that this is the highest scoring question so give a detailed and extensive response. 30 minutes should be enough. Don’t forget to use the four scaffolding points given to you! Focus on the question! It’s about change so write about changes! You can add your own points or use the scaffolding points – just stay focused.
Write a paragraph for each event/factor. Give the change then explain it.
Try to link the factors together for full marks. YOU MUST conclude by giving a judgement on the extent of change for full marks.
The split between the Communists and Nationalists
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As the 1920s progressed the internal differences in China were exposed by an increasingly bitter division between the nationalist party and communist party. Use the textbook as stimulus and then go further in your research to complete the tension graph to explain how the split developed.
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| tension_graph_gmd_ccp.docx |
Activity: Research information on the split between the communists and nationalists. In a paragraph explain the reasons why there were differences between the communists and nationalists and why there was bitter division.
https://www.facinghistory.org/nanjing-atrocities/nation-building/internal-strife-china
https://www.facinghistory.org/nanjing-atrocities/nation-building/internal-strife-china
Paired task. Hot seating. Each pair given a different individual including Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong.
- Research career and achievement
- Prepare questions and answers
5. Mao Zedong and the emergence of the Chinese Communist Party.
| northern_expedition_and_shanghai_massacre.pdf |
6. The Northern March and the Shanghai Massacres
Question B (7 marks): Explain the key features of the Northern March .
Summary Bingo
Pick six of the following terms / events / people and create a bingo grid, as your teacher reads the definition knock off your answers (if any of these terms is alien to you research and revise!!
Boxer rebellion
Shanghai massacre
100 days of reform
Cixi
Northern Campaign
Opium
Joffe
Sun Yat-Sen
Tongmenghui
Puyi
Yuan Shikai
Zhang Zuolin
Jianxi Soviet
Three Principles
Warlords
Extermination campaign
Guomindang
Mandate of Heaven
Twenty One Demands
May 4th Movement
CCP
Boxer rebellion
Shanghai massacre
100 days of reform
Cixi
Northern Campaign
Opium
Joffe
Sun Yat-Sen
Tongmenghui
Puyi
Yuan Shikai
Zhang Zuolin
Jianxi Soviet
Three Principles
Warlords
Extermination campaign
Guomindang
Mandate of Heaven
Twenty One Demands
May 4th Movement
CCP